Topics for Semester I exam
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chpt 1 themes of biology cell structure and function cells scientific method -observations, measurement, sampling, organizing datahypothesizing -forming a hypothesis, predicting experimenting -conducting a controlled experiment, analyzing data drawing conclusions modeling, inferring, forming a theory using the scientific method -problem solving, communicating microscopes -light microscopes, best use chpt 2/3 water - polarity, hydrogen bonds, cohesion/adhesion, temp. moderationacids and bases - dissociation of water, acids, bases, pH, bufferse nergy and reactions-loss/gain of energy during a reaction organic (carbon) compounds -carbon bonds, functional groups, polymers carbohydrates -monosaccharides, di/polysaccharides proteins -amino acids, di/polypeptides, enzymes/structures lipids - fatty acids, complex lipids, membranes, hormonesnucleic acids -DNA, RNA chpt 4 discovery of the cell -cell theory -Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow cell diversity -size, shape, internal organization -prokaryote/eukaryote cell membrane -membrane lipids, membrane proteins, fluid mosaic modelnucleus -structure, organization, parts organelles -mitochondria, ribosomes, SER, RER, Golgi, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella plant cells -cell wall, vacuole, plastids colonial organization tissues, organs, organ systems chpt 5 passive transport diffusion, osmosis, facillitated diffusion, diffusion through ion channels active transport-membrane pumps, endocytosis/exocytosis |
chpt 6/7 light absorption in chloroplasts - location, light reactions, pigments, energy products, oxygen formationcarbon fixation by the Calvin cycle location, non-light requiring reactions, energy use, products rate of photosynthesis environmental effects glycolysis -location, no oxygen needed, starts with....makes......-energy yieldfermentation -lactic acid or alcohol, no oxygen present aerobic respiration -oxygen required, where located Krebs cycle -release of carbon as carbon dioxide, energy yield electron transport chain -E released in small steps, max of 38 ATP, location, chemiosmosis (Honors) chpt 8 chromosome structure chromosome number -sex chromosomes and autosomes, karyotype, diploid/haploid cell division in prokaryotes -binary fission cell division in eukaryotes -cell cycle, mitosis, phases/events, cytokinesis meiosis -stages, formation of gametes, asexual vs sexual reproduction chpt 10 history -major players structure of DNA -double helix, complementary base pairing replication of DNA -enzymes, accuracy, mutation transcription -steps of transcription, products of transcription the genetic code -code, codons, anticodons structure of RNA -types of RNA, structure, functions, tRNA and anti-codons, ribosomes, translation, protein assembly protein structure and composition -ch 3 chpt 11 gene expression -operon structure (structural genes, promoter, repressor, inducer) cancer -tumor, benign/malignant, metastasis, types of cancer, proto-oncogenes/tumor suppressors, growth factor genes, carcinogens, mutation series
chpt 9 -Gregor Mendel chpt 13 -restriction enzymes
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